Tis Hazari District Courts, New Delhi
Date of Visit: 06/01/2026
The court visit proved to be an enriching and insightful experience, providing practical exposure to judicial proceedings and courtroom conduct. It offered us an opportunity to closely observe how legal principles studied in theory are applied in real-life situations. The visit enhanced our understanding of procedural law, advocacy skills, and judicial functioning, making it a commendable learning experience for all of us.
PROCEEDINGS BEFORE HON’BLE JUSTICE ARJUN KIRAR (COURT NO. 2)
At the outset, we attended Court No. 2 presided over by Hon’ble Justice Arjun Kirar, where matters relating to Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 were being heard.
Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act deals with the offence of dishonour of cheque due to insufficiency of funds or if the amount exceeds the arrangement made with the bank. The provision aims to enhance the credibility of negotiable instruments and ensure faith in banking transactions. For an offence under this section to be made out, certain essential conditions must be fulfilled, including the issuance of a cheque for discharge of a legally enforceable debt, dishonour of the cheque, issuance of a legal notice within the prescribed period, and failure of the drawer to make payment within the stipulated time.
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First 30 Days – Issuance of Legal Notice
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When a cheque is dishonoured by the bank, the payee (complainant) must issue a written demand notice to the drawer of the cheque.
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This notice must be sent within 30 days from the date when the payee receives information from the bank regarding the dishonour of the cheque.
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The notice demands payment of the cheque
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Next 15 Days – Time Given to Drawer to Pay
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After receiving the legal notice, the drawer of the cheque is granted 15 days to make the payment of the cheque amount.
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If the drawer pays within this period, no offence under Section 138 is
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Final 30 Days – Filing of Complaint
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If the drawer fails to make payment within the 15 days, the cause of action arises on the 16th day.
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From that day, the complainant has 30 days to file a criminal complaint before the competent Magistrate.
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Filing beyond this period may lead to dismissal unless delay is condoned by the
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During the proceedings, we observed Items No. 29 to 46, wherein a significant number of matters were either settled amicably or adjourned. The court encouraged settlement wherever possible, reflecting the practical approach adopted by the judiciary in cheque bounce cases to reduce pendency and promote dispute resolution.
PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE MAHILA COURT (JUDICIAL MAGISTRATE FIRST CLASS – MS. ANAMIKA)
Subsequently, we attended the Mahila Court presided over by Judicial Magistrate First Class, Ms. Anamika, where cases under the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act were being heard.s
CASE 1: JASWANTI V. HARSH AND OTHERS
Serial No.: 24
Case No.: MC/394/2021
This case pertained to domestic violence, where the chief examination of the victim was being reduced into writing by the court. The victim was a widow who had lost her husband, and it was alleged that her in-laws had neither provided her with a place to reside nor returned her stridhan. The proceedings highlighted the sensitivity required in dealing with cases involving vulnerable women and demonstrated the court’s role in ensuring that the victim’s testimony is recorded accurately and respectfully.
CASE 2: RASHMI BHALLA V. ANIL BHALLA
Serial No.: 25
Case No.: MC/394/2021
In this matter, a senior advocate meticulously compared the chief examination and cross- examination of a party and pointed out several material contradictions. For instance, while the chief examination mentioned an injury to the stomach, the cross-examination referred to a back injury. Further, it was argued that the police report appeared to be forged, as during cross-examination the party admitted that no complaint had actually been filed. This proceeding demonstrated the importance of effective cross-examination and how contradictions can significantly impact the credibility of evidence.
CONCLUSION
Overall, the court visit was a highly commendable and educative experience. It provided valuable insights into courtroom proceedings, judicial reasoning, and the practical application of substantive and procedural laws. Observing both criminal proceedings under the Negotiable Instruments Act and sensitive matters in the Mahila Court enriched our understanding of advocacy, evidence appreciation, and the functioning of the judiciary. The visit was instrumental in bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical exposure.
COURT OBSERVATION REPORT
(by Roopkiran)
(Patiala House District Courts, New Delhi) Date of Visit: 07/01/2026 INTRODUCTION
On the above-mentioned date, we visited the Patiala House District Courts, New Delhi, as part of our academic curriculum to gain practical exposure to judicial proceedings. The visit provided valuable insight into the functioning of criminal, civil, and commercial courts, procedural aspects, and courtroom decorum. Proceedings were observed in the Court of an Additional Sessions Judge as well as the Court of a Commercial Civil Judge.
COURT OF ADDITIONAL SESSIONS JUDGE
Presiding Officer: Shri Saurabh Pratap Singh Laler Designation: Additional Sessions Judge
Case 1: Ravi Kumar v. Sarita Pawar Nature of Case: Criminal
Stage: Framing of Charges
In this matter, the Court observed that charges had already been framed against the accused. After hearing both parties, the Hon’ble Court fixed the matter for further orders on 13 January. The case demonstrated the importance of framing of charges as a crucial stage in criminal trials, where the court determines whether sufficient grounds exist to proceed against the accused.
Case 2: Sanjeev Sharma v. State
Along with: Hindustan Coca Cola Pvt. Ltd.
Interestingly, two connected matters were taken up simultaneously, wherein Hindustan Coca Cola Pvt. Ltd. appeared as a respondent in one case and as a complainant in another. The complaint was filed as an original petition, reflecting how corporate entities may be involved in multiple proceedings arising from related transactions. The Court dealt with procedural aspects of both matters together for effective adjudication.
Case 3: Shivam Enterprises v. Raj Singh Nature of Case: Commercial / Recovery
In this case, it was submitted that Anish Kumar, the proprietor of Shivam Enterprises, was suffering from paralysis. The proprietor assured the Court of his presence on the next date of hearing. The Court noted the submission and granted time, reflecting a humane approach while balancing procedural discipline.
COURT OF COMMERCIAL CIVIL JUDGE
Presiding Officer: Shri Rupinder Singh Dhiman
Designation: Commercial Civil Judge
Item No. 12: ManjuSarogi& Others v. State &Others Nature of Case: Succession Petition
The Court allowed the succession application after considering the pleadings and documents on record. Additionally, a dasti order was permitted, enabling the parties to obtain certified copies directly for expeditious compliance. This matter highlighted the summary nature of succession proceedings when no dispute exists.
Item No. 14: Shri Balaji Finance v. Meena Nature of Case: Recovery Suit
Upon examination, the Hon’ble Court ordered that the matter be converted into an ordinary civil suit for recovery, indicating that it did not satisfy the requirements for summary procedure. This demonstrated judicial scrutiny in correctly classifying suits to ensure fairness to both parties.
Item No. 20: Proprietor (Wringler Building) v. Unknown Nature of Case: Civil / Commercial
In this matter, proposed issues had been filed on behalf of the defendant and copies were duly supplied. However, the plaintiff failed to file replication as directed by a previous order. The plaintiff sought seven days’ time to comply.
The plaintiff’s counsel requested an adjournment citing miscommunication. While the defence counsel raised no objection, it was clearly stated that no further opportunity should be granted. The Court’s approach reflected strict adherence to procedural timelines, especially in commercial matters.
Item No. 23: British Motor Car Co. v. Delhi Enterprises Nature of Case: Commercial Dispute
The plaintiff’s counsel informed the Court that the dispute had already been amicably settled and full payment had been received. Written intimation regarding settlement was submitted via email. Consequently, the Hon’ble Court disposed of the matter as withdrawn, treating it as settled. This case illustrated judicial encouragement towards settlement to reduce pendency.
CUMULATIVE OBSERVATION
The court visit to Patiala House District Courts offered a comprehensive and practical understanding of the functioning of the judicial system at the district level. Observing proceedings before the Court of the Additional Sessions Judge and the Commercial Civil Judge highlighted the diversity of matters handled by the courts, ranging from criminal trials and original petitions to succession cases, recovery suits, and commercial disputes. A significant observation was the importance accorded to procedural discipline, as seen in strict adherence to timelines for filing pleadings, replications, and proposed issues, particularly in commercial matters where delays are discouraged. At the same time, the judiciary displayed a balanced and humane approach, as evident in cases where personal or medical difficulties of parties were considered without compromising the progress of the case.
The visit also demonstrated how courts efficiently manage their dockets by hearing connected matters together, encouraging settlements, and disposing of cases that have been amicably resolved. The handling of succession petitions reflected the summary nature of such proceedings when there is no contest, while recovery and commercial cases illustrated judicial scrutiny in determining the appropriate procedural framework, such as deciding whether a matter should proceed as a summary suit or an ordinary civil suit. In criminal matters, observing the stage of framing of charges reinforced the principle that the court must be satisfied of a prima facie case before proceeding to trial, thereby safeguarding the rights of the accused.
Another key takeaway was the role of advocates and their professional responsibility toward the court. Instances of miscommunication or non-compliance were addressed firmly, yet fairly, by the court, underscoring the expectation that parties must diligently pursue their cases. The encouragement of settlement and disposal of matters upon full payment further reflected the judiciary’s commitment to reducing pendency and promoting efficient dispute resolution. Overall, the visit bridged the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application, deepened the understanding of courtroom procedure and judicial discretion, and reinforced the significance of discipline, preparation, and ethical conduct in legal practice.
CONCLUSION
The court visit proved to be an enriching experience and offered practical understanding of courtroom proceedings, procedural compliance, and judicial discretion. Observing different stages of cases—from framing of charges to settlement and procedural defaults—helped bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and real-world application. The conduct of the judges reflected efficiency, fairness, and sensitivity towards both legal procedure and human circumstances.
Court: Saket District Court
Date: 08/01/2026
COURT OBSERVATION REPORT
Saket District Court, New Delhi
INTRODUCTION
This report is based on my visit to the Saket District Court, New Delhi, undertaken for academic purposes to gain practical exposure to courtroom proceedings. The visit provided an opportunity to observe the actual functioning of trial courts and to understand how legal principles studied in classrooms are applied in real cases. Saket District Court is one of the most active district courts in Delhi, dealing with a wide variety of civil, criminal, motor accident, and miscellaneous matters.
The primary objective of this court visit was to observe judicial conduct, procedural compliance, case management by judges, and the role of advocates and investigating agencies. The visit also helped in understanding the increasing importance of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, judicial sensitivity towards personal liberty, and the emphasis on procedural fairness.
GENERAL COURTROOM OBSERVATIONS
During the visit, several important aspects of courtroom functioning were noticed. The courts followed a strict cause list system, and matters were taken up serially. Advocates were expected to be prepared, concise, and respectful. Judges actively questioned parties and counsels to clarify facts and ensure that proceedings were not unnecessarily delayed.
A notable feature was the judiciary’s consistent effort to promote settlement through mediation and Lok Adalats, especially in cases involving minor disputes, compensation claims, and less serious criminal matters. This reflects a shift towards speedy justice and reduction of pendency.
OBSERVATION OF CASES COURT OF MS. CHARU GUPTA
(District & Sessions Judge / MACT Court) Case 1: Ram Jay Singh v. Unknown Nature: Civil dispute
Stage: Settlement through mediation
In this case, the dispute between the parties had already been resolved through mediation. The defendant produced the mediation settlement before the court and paid the agreed amount of ₹23,833 to the plaintiff in open court. The Hon’ble Judge verified that the settlement was voluntary and without any pressure.
The court accepted the settlement and disposed of the matter. This case highlighted the effectiveness of mediation in resolving disputes amicably and reducing litigation burden on courts.
Case 2: Deepak v. Mohan Nature: Criminal matter Stage: Issuance of notice
The issue in this case related to improper service of notice due to an incorrect address. The court directed the issuance of a fresh notice after submission of the correct address. The judge emphasized that proper service of notice is essential to ensure that the concerned party gets a fair opportunity to appear and defend.
This matter demonstrated the court’s commitment to principles of natural justice, particularly audi alteram partem.
Case 3: Ashok v. Yogesh
Nature: Criminal matter
Stage: Notice to Investigating Officer
Here, the Investigating Officer failed to appear despite service of notice, citing a technical issue regarding his designation. The court observed that such objections should not obstruct judicial proceedings and ordered issuance of a fresh notice, directing mandatory appearance.
This case reflected judicial insistence on police accountability and cooperation with court proceedings.
Case 4: Elbert v. Suraj
Nature: Civil dispute
Stage: Post-settlement compliance
Although the parties had settled the dispute outside court, the judge directed them to file a formal application supported by affidavits. This was done to give legal recognition to the settlement and make it enforceable.
The case highlighted how courts ensure that informal settlements are brought within the judicial framework.
Case 5: Rajesh v. Nitin Pawar
Nature: Criminal case under Section 337 IPC Stage: Referred to Pre-Lok Adalat
The prosecution alleged grievous injury, but the defence argued that the injury was simple and pointed out the absence of an MLC. Considering the nature of the offence and possibility of settlement, the court referred the matter to Pre-Lok Adalat.
This demonstrated judicial discretion and preference for settlement in minor criminal cases.
Case 6: Suresh v. Unknown Nature: Motor Accident Claim Stage: Claim consideration
The claimant sought compensation of ₹2,50,000 for serious injuries including fractured ribs and lung damage. The court took note of the medical condition and loss of income and adjourned the matter for further assessment.
This case showed the compassionate approach of courts in motor accident claims.
COURT OF MS. DEEPIKA THAKRAN
(Judicial Magistrate First Class)
Case 7: State v. Rahul Das (FIR No. 335)
Nature: Criminal Stage: Regular bail
After hearing both sides, the court granted bail considering the facts and circumstances. The order balanced personal liberty with the interest of justice.
Case 8: State v. Nasil (FIR No. 332)
Nature: Criminal Stage: Post-discharge
The accused had alrady been discharged, and the court directed that the discharge order be placed on record to complete procedural formalities.
Case 9: State v. Anil Paswan
Nature: Criminal
Stage: Bail due to prolonged custody
The accused had been in custody for over eleven months. The court granted bail, emphasizing that prolonged incarceration without trial violates the right to personal liberty.
CIVIL JUDGE COURT – BLOCK II
Case 10: Shashak v. Shashi Bhushan
Nature: Civil dispute
Stage: Referred to Pre-Lok Adalat
The court referred the matter to Pre-Lok Adalat to explore the possibility of settlement.
Case 11: Ram Prakash v. R.K. Jha
Nature: Recovery of rent Stage: Procedural
The court granted time to proceed ex parte due to absence of the opposite party and fixed the next hearing date.
Case 12: Harbajan v. Mahesh Chand
Nature: Civil dispute Stage: Post-mediation
The mediation report was accepted and the matter stood concluded.
Case 13: Ashok Singh v. Narayan Das
Nature: Civil suit for trespass Stage: Stayed
Since a criminal case on similar facts was pending, the court stayed the civil proceedings to avoid conflicting decisions.
KEY LEGAL LEARNINGS
1. FIR Procedure
An FIR is the first step in the criminal justice process for cognizable offences. It sets the investigation in motion and ensures legal documentation of the offence.
2. Bail Procedure
Grant of bail depends on judicial discretion, nature of offence, duration of custody, and individual liberty. Courts are increasingly cautious about prolonged detention.
3. Motor Accident Claims
Claims under the Motor Vehicles Act aim at providing just compensation rather than punishing the offender. The MACT adopts a victim-centric approach.
CONCLUSION
The visit to Saket District Court was an extremely valuable learning experience. It provided practical insight into courtroom procedures, judicial reasoning, and application of substantive and procedural law. Observing different types of cases helped in understanding how justice is administered at the ground level.
The experience reinforced the importance of mediation, judicial discipline, procedural fairness, and respect for personal liberty. This court visit has strengthened my understanding of litigation and has been instrumental in bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application.
By Roopkiran